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Ronald Lippitt (in checked tie) and Lee Bradford at the 1946 workshop on ethnic relations, in Bridgeport, Connecticut, in which the T-group was invented. Lippitt and Bradford would become two of the three co-founders of National Training Laboratories. [Courtesy of David Bradford.]
Social psychologist Kurt Lewin, participant Frank Simpson, and an unidentified man at the 1946 "Connecticut workshop." This workshop successfully blurred the boundaries between "social science experts" and ordinary participants so that they could learn together about the dynamics of their group experience. [Courtesy of David Bradford.]
One of the sessions at the "Connecticut workshop," where participants are describing their own experiences with ethnic relations. Standing at left, in glasses and black tie, is Lee Bradford. [Courtesy of David Bradford.]
The staff of the first workshop at National Training Laboratories in Bethel, Maine, Summer 1947: The first designated "T-group." From left to right, the staff members are Glenn Kendall, Alvin Zander, Paul Sheats, Robert Polson (of Cornell University), Ronald Lippitt, Leland Bradford, and Kenneth Benne. Lippitt, Bradford, and Benne formed the triumvirate of NTLŐs early leadership. [Courtesy of David Bradford.]
The staff, participants, and some of their children, at the first designated "T-group," in 1947, assembled on the lawn of the Gould Academy. Most participants, in the early years, were educators and social workers. [Courtesy of David Bradford.]
A typical T-Group session in the early years of NTL (in this case, summer 1950). Lee Bradford is sixth from the left in the back row, in a dark shirt. In the back corner, in a striped shirt, is Dick Beckhard, who would later become a key figure in the evolution of organization development. Note the use of blackboards and butcher paper. [Courtesy of David Bradford.]
Afternoon sessions at NTL were devoted to talk about theory and practice. Here is one such session, held in the Gould Academy (note the old school desks.) From left to right, this photo shows Lee Bradford, Ken Benne, Alvin Zander, and Ron Lippett, all listening. [Courtesy of David Bradford.]
The National Training Labs summer staff at Bethel, 1953. Some key figures include Dick Beckhard (at far left in back row, seated next to the dog on the parapet); Robert Blake (fourth from the right in back row); Ken Benne (second from the right in back row); Lee Bradford (third from left in third row, in front of Robert Blake and to his right); and Fritz Roethlesberger, who was not an NTL'er, but who was a Harvard Business School professor and a developer of the Hawthorne experiments that had established the field of human relations. [Courtesy of David Bradford.]
NTL's conference house (the former Gehring Clinic), purchased in the late 1950s. Its continual maintenance expenses would help push NTL further into corporate consulting. [Courtesy of David Bradford.]
A scene from the Gaines dog food plant in Topeka, Kansas around 1972: Gravy train is packaged near the base of the processing tower. Everyone on a team took turns as a "humper:" piling those fifty-pound bags of gravy train onto wooden pallets. From a promotional brochure published by General Foods. [Courtesy of Ed Dulworth.]
If it's a fish-eye lens photograph, this must be the early 1970s. This shot shows the central console in the process control room at Topeka, in which team members, as part of their assembly line tasks, monitored production operations. From a promotional brochure published by General Foods. [Courtesy of Ed Dulworth.]
168 feet of vertical factory, rising from the Kansas prairie: The Gaines dog food plant in Topeka, circa 1972. Grain and by-products entered at the top of the tower, gradually becoming Gravy Train by the time they reached the bottom. [Courtesy of Ed Dulworth.]
Inside the main corridor of the Topeka plant, around 1972. Within the glass-walled office, at his desk, is plant manager Ed Dulworth. [Courtesy of Ed Dulworth.]
Lyman Ketchum, during the 1990s. [Courtesy of Lyman Ketchum.]
"This is where the brain-dead sleep," went the narration to a mock-horror film made in the corridors of this building: The General Foods headquarters in White Plains, New York, circa 1968.
Saul Alinsky speaks in Flemington, New Jersey, outside the April 1967 Kodak shareholders' meeting. Directly behind Alinsky, in the black hat, is Minister Franklin D. R. Florence, president of FIGHT, the organizers of the anti-Kodak demonstration. This meeting represented the first time that social activists tried to influence a corporation by publicly demonstrating at a shareholder's meeting. [Reprinted from Horwitt, Let Them Call Me Rebel, and reproduced courtesy of the Industrial Areas Foundation.]
Herman Kahn, scenario innovator, in a pensive moment at the Hudson Institute during the mid-1970s. [Courtesy of Hudson Institute.]
Andre Benard during his tenure as Managing Director at Royal Dutch/Shell, with the Sultan of Oman. In the 1960s, as president of Shell Francaise, Benard had been Pierre Wack's mentor; later, in the 1970s, as a managing director of Royal Dutch/Shell, he had championed the evolution of Shell's internal commodities exchange, the "Shell International Trading Company," a model for how decentralization could work within large corporations. Later, he became co-director of the Channel Tunnel project. [Courtesy of Andre Benard.]
Pierre Wack, head of scenario planning at Royal Dutch/Shell, and James C. (Jimmy) Davidson, the coordinator of Group Planning, in the early 1970s. [Courtesy of Pierre Wack.]
Pierre Wack lecturing. A still taken from a videotape of a scenario presentation given by Wack at Royal Dutch/Shell during the late 1970s.
Ted Newland explicating. This still was also taken from the Royal Dutch/Shell videotape.
The psychedelic business influencer Willis Harman speaking and listening: One still from a videotape of a conference convened by the United Lutheran Foundation, circa 1979.
Willis Harman in the 1990s. [Courtesy of the Institute for Noetic Sciences.]
Chris Argyris, developer in the theory of "theories in use," in the 1990s. [Courtesy of Chris Argyris.]
Two savants meet. On December 1, 1976, Amory Lovins and Herman Kahn debated energy issues in the offices of Governor Edmund G. Brown of California. Left to right: Lovins, Kahn (with back to camera), Elizabeth Coleman (governor's press secretary), Jim Harding (assistant to the state Energy Commission), Jerry Brown, and Gray Davis (then Brown's chief of staff, later to be a major figure in institutional investing and corporate social responsibility, as head of CALPERS, the state employees' pension fund; and then California lieutenant governor). Photograph by Stewart Brand. This picture, and the accompanying interview, appeared in CoEvolution Quarterly in 1977. From News that Stayed News, edited by Art Kleiner and Stewart Brand, 1986, Berkeley, CA: North Point Press.