Bibliography for:
The Case of the Arboricidal Megaherbivores
by Elin Whitney-Smith
Agenbrod, L. D.1989. New World mammoth distribution. In, Martin, P.S. & Klein, R.G. (eds) Quaternary extinctions: A prehistoric revolution. Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson.
Andersen, S. T.1973. The differential pollen productivity of trees and its significance for the interpretation of a pollen diagram from a forested region. In, Birks, H. J. B. & West, R. G. (eds) Quaternary plant ecology: the 14 symposium of the British Ecological society, University of Cambridge, 28-30 March 1972. Blackwell scientific pubs., Oxford.
Anderson, E.1974. A survey of the late Pleistocene and Holocene mammal fauna of Wyoming. Applied geology and archaeology: The Holocene History of Wyoming. ed. M.Wilson, Geol. survey Wyoming Dept. Invest., no. 10.
Anderson, G.D. & Walker, B.H.1974. Vegetation Composition and Elephant Damage in the Sengwa Research Area, Rhodesia. J. South African Wildlife Management Ass, 4:1-14.
Arnold, G. W.1964. Factors within plant associations affecting the behavior and performance of grazing animals. In, Crisp, D. J. (ed) Grazing in terrestrial and marine environments: A symposium of the British ecological society. Blackwell scientific pubs., Oxford.
Ashworth, C.A.1977. A late Wisconsinan Coleopterous assemblage from southern Ontario and its environmental significance. 14:1625-34. Can. J, Earth Sci.
_______1980, Environmental implications of a beetle assemblage from the Gervais formation (Early Wisconsinian?), Minnesota. 13:200-12. Quat. Res.
Axelrod, D. I.1967. Quaternary extinctions of large mammals. Univ. Calif. Pub. . Geol. Sci., 74:1-42.
Banfield, A. W. F., & Novakowski, N. S.1960, The survival of the wood bison (Bison bison athabascae Rhoads) in the Northwest Territories.Nat. Mus. Can. Nat. Hist. Papers 8:1-6.
Barnes, R.F.W.1985. Effects of Elephant Browsing on Woodlands in a Tanzanian National Park: Measurements, Models and Management. J. Appl. Ecol., 20, 521-40.
Bell, R.H.V.1971, A grazing ecosystem in the Serengetti. Sci. Am. 225:86-93.
_______1984, Notes of Elephant-Woodland interactions. in The Status and Conservation of Africa's Elephants and Rhinos, ed D.H.M. Cumming & P. Jackson, pp.98-103. Gland Switzerland: IUCN.
Bernabo, J. C. & Webb, T., III.1977. Changing Patterns in the Holocene pollen record of northeastern North America: A mapped summary. Quat. Res. 8:64-96
Bertram, B.C.R.1979. Serengetti predators and their social systems. In: Sinclair, A.R.E. & Norton-Griffiths, M. (eds) Serengetti. Dynamics of an Ecosystem. Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago.185-221.
Birks, H. H.1973. Modern macrofossil assemblages in lake sediments in Minnesota. In, Birks, H. J. B. & West, R. G. (eds) Quaternary plant ecology: the 14 symposium of the British Ecological society, University of Cambridge, 28- 30 March 1972. Blackwell scientific pubs., Oxford.
Birks, H. J. B.1973. Modern pollen rain studies in some Arctic and Alpine environments. In, Birks, H. J. B. & West, R. G. (eds) Quaternary plant ecology: the 14 symposium of the British Ecological society, University of Cambridge, 28-30 March 1972. Blackwell scientific pubs., Oxford.
Birks, H. J. B. & Birks, H. H.1980. Quaternary paleoecology. Univ. Park Press. Baltimore.
Birks, H. J. B. & West, R. G.1973. Quaternary plant ecology: the 14 symposium s of paleoclimatic reconstruction. Allen & Unwin, Winchester, MA.
Blueweiss, L., Fox, H., Kudzama, V., Nakashima, D., Peters, R. & Sams, S.1978. Relationships Between Body Size and Some Life History Parameters., Oecologia, 37, 257-72.
Borowski, S., Krasinski, Z., & Milkowski, L.1977. Food and role of the European bison in forest ecosystems. Acta. Theriol. 12:367-89.
Bourliere, F. & Verschuren, J.1960. Densities and Biomasses of Some Ungulate Populations in Eastern Congo and Rwanda, with notes on population structure and lion/ungulate ratios. Zoologica Africana, 1, 199-207.
Bradley, R. S.1985. Quaternary Paleoclimatology: Methods of Paleoclimatic Reconstruction. Allen & Unwin, Winchester, MA.
Brown, J., Everett, K.R., Webber, P.J., MacLean, S.F.Jr., & Murray, D.F.1980. The coastal tundra at Barrow. In: Brown, J., Miller, P.C., Tieszen, L.L., & Bunnell, F.L. An Arctic ecosystem: the coastal tundra at Barrow Alaska. US/IBP Synthesis series no.12, Dowden Hutchinson & Ross, Stroudsburg PA. 1-30.
Brumley, J. H.1978. McKean complex subsistence and hunting strategies in the southeastern Alberta plains. Bison procurement and utilization: A symposium, ed. L. B. Davis & M. Wilson, Memoir 14, Plains Anthropologist pp. 175-193. Memoir 14,
Bryson, R. A., Baerreis, D. A. & Wendland, W. M.1970. The character of late-glacial and post- glacial climatic changes. Pleistocene and recent environments of the central Great Plains, ed. W. Dort, Jr. and J. K. Jones, Jr., Dept. geol. Univ. Kan. Spec. Pub. 3. Lawrence: Univ. Press Kan.
Calef, G. W.1984. Population growth in an introduced herd of wood bison (Bison bison athabascae) In: Olson, R., Hastings, R., & Geddes, F. (eds) Northern Ecology and Resource Management: Memorial Essays honoring Don Gill Univ. Alberta Press, Edmonton, Canada. 183-201.
Caugley, G.1970. Plant-Herbivore Systems. in: Theoretical Ecology. Principles and Applications, R.M. May, pp. 94-113. Oxford: Blackwell.
Chapin, F.S. III, Tieszen, L.L., Lewis, M.C., Miller, P.C., & McCown, B.H.1980. Control of Tundra plant allocation patterns and growth. In: Brown, J., Miller, P.C., Tieszen, L.L., & Bunnell, F.L. An Arctic ecosystem: the coastal tundra at Barrow Alaska. US/IBP Synthesis series no.12, Dowden Hutchinson & Ross, Stroudsburg PA. 140-186.
Colinvaux, P. A.1967. Quaternary vegetational history of arctic Alaska. The Bering Land Bridge ed. D.M. Hopkins, Stanford Univ. Press, CA. 207-231.
_______1978. Why big fierce animals are rare, an ecologists perspective. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ.
Coope, G. R.1967. The value of Quat. Insect faunas in the interpretation of ancient ecology and climate. p. 359- 80 Quat. Paleoecology, E. J. Cushing & H. E. Wright (eds), Yale U. Press, New Haven CN.
_______1977. Quaternary coleoptera as aids in the interpretation of environmental history. p.55-68. British Quaternary Studies, F.W. Shotton (ed) Clarendon, Oxford, UK.
Davis, M. B.1976. Pleistocene biogeography of temperate deciduous forests. In: Geoscience and man: ecology of the Pleistocene. vol:13. School of Geoscience, Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge.
Dawkins, R. & Krebs, J. R.1979. Arms races within and between species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 205:489-511.
Delcourt, P. A. & Delcourt, H. R.1987. Long-term forest dynamics of the temperate zone: a case study of late Quaternary forests in Eastern North America. Springer-Verlag, NY.
Deshmukh, I.1986. Ecology and tropical biology. Blackwell, Palo Alto, CA.
Dillon, L. S.1956. Wisconsin climate and life zones in North America. Science 123:167-176.
Einstein, A & Infield, L.1938. The Evolution of Physics: The growth of ideas from early concepts to relativity and quanta. Simon and Schuster.
Flerow, C. C.1967. On the origin of the mammalian fauna of Canada. The Bering Land Bridge ed. D.M. Hopkins, Stanford Univ. Press, CA. pp.271-280.
_______1971. The evolution of certain mammals during the Late Cenozoic In, Turekian, K. K. (ed) The Late Cenozoic Glacial Ages. Yale University Press, New Haven.
Foley, R.1984. Early man and the Red Queen: tropical African community evolution and Hominid adaptation. In R. Foley (ed) Hominid evolution and community ecology: prehistoric human adaptation in biological perspective Academic Press, London.
Frenzel, B.1968. The Pleistocene vegetation of northern Eurasia. Science 161:637-649.
Frisson, G.1974. The Casper Site: A Hell Gap bison kill on the High Plains. NY Acadamy of Science, NY
_______1978. Prehistoric Hunters of the Great Plains. Academic Press, NY.
Fuller, W. A., & Bayrock, L. A.1965. Late Pleistocene mammals from central Alberta, Canada. Vertebrate Paleontology in Alberta, ed. R. E. Folinsbee and D. M. Ross, Univ. Alberta Press, Edmonton, Can. pp.53-63
Gersper, P.L., Alexander, V., Barkley, S.A., Barsdate, R.J. & Flint, P.S.1980. The soils and their nutrients. In: Brown, J., Miller, P.C., Tieszen, L.L., & Bunnell, F.L. An Arctic ecosystem: the coastal tundra at Barrow Alaska. US/IBP Synthesis series no. 12, Dowden Hutchinson & Ross, Stroudsburg PA. 219-255.
Giterman, R. E. & Golubeva, L. V.1967. Vegetation of eastern Siberia during the Anthropogene period. The Bering Land Bridge ed. D.M. Hopkins, Stanford Univ. Press, CA. pp.232-244.
Gluckenheimer, J., Oster, G, & Ipaktchi, 1976. The dynamics of density dependent population models J. Math. Biol. 4:101-147.
Graham, R. W.1976. Late Wisconsin mammal faunas and environmental gradients of the eastern United States. Paleobiology 2:343-350.
Graham, R.W. & Lundelius, E.L.1989. Coevolutionary disequilibrium and Pleistocene extinctions. In, Martin, P.S. & Klein, R.G. (eds) Quaternary extinctions: A prehistoric revolution. Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson.
Grimsdell, J.J.R.1979. Changes in populations of resident ungulates. In: Sinclair, A.R.E. & Norton-Griffiths, M. (eds) Serengetti. Dynamics of an Ecosystem. Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago. 353-359.
Guilday, J. E.1989. Pleistocene extinction and environmental change: case study of the Appalachians. In, Martin, P.S. & Klein, R.G. (eds) Quaternary extinctions: A prehistoric revolution. Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson.
Guthrie, R. D.1968. Paleoecology of the large mammal community in interior Alaska during the late Pleistocene. Am. Mdl. Nat. 79:346-363.
_______1989. Mosaics, allochemics, and nutrients: an ecological theory of Late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions. In, Martin, P.S. & Klein, R.G. (eds) Quaternary extinctions: A prehistoric revolution. Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson.
_______1990. Frozen fauna of the mammoth steppe: The story of Blue Babe. Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago.
Guthrie, R. D. & Matthews, J. V., Jr.1971. The Cape Deceit fauna- early Pleistocene mammalian assemblage from the Alaskan arctic. Quat. Res. 1:474-510.
Hanby, J.P. & Bygott, J.D.1979. Population changes in lions and other predators. In: Sinclair, A.R.E. & Norton-Griffiths, M. (eds) Serengetti. Dynamics of an Ecosystem. Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago. 249-263.
Hansen, R. M.1978. Shasta ground sloth food habits, Rampart Cave, Arizona. Paleobiology 4:302-319.
Harrington, C R.1984. Mammoths, bison and time in North America. In, Mahaney, W. C. (ed) Quaternary Dating Methods. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Hester, J.J.1967. The agency of man in animal extinctions. In, Martin, P.S. & Wright, H.E. (eds) Pleistocene extinctions: The search for a cause. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven.
Hibbard, C. W.1970. Pleistocene mammalian local faunas from the Great Plains and Central Lowland provinces of the United States. Pleistocene and recent environments of the central Great Plains, ed. W. Dort, Jr. and J. K. Jones, Jr., Dept. geol. Univ. Kan. Spec. Pub. 3. Lawrence: Univ. Press Kan. pp.295-433.
Hilborn, R. & Sinclair, A.R.E.1979. A simulation of the wildebeest population, other ungulates and their predators. In: Sinclair, A.R.E. & Norton-Griffiths, M. (eds) Serengetti. Dynamics of an Ecosystem. Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago. 287-310.
Hirst, S.M.1975. Ungulate-habitat Relationships in a South African Savanna. Wildl. Mong. No. 44.
Hoffmann, R. S. & Jones, J. K., Jr.1970. Influence of late-glacial and post glacial events on the distribution of recent mammals on the northern Great Plains. Pleistocene and recent environments of the central Great Plains, ed. W. Dort, Jr. and J. K. Jones, Jr., Dept. geol. Univ. Kan. Spec. Pub. 3. Lawrence: Univ. Press Kan. pp.355-394.
Hoffmann, R. S. & Taber, R. D.1967. Origin and history of Holarctic tundra ecosystems, with special reference to their vertebrate faunas. Arctic and alpine environments ed. H. E. Wright, Jr. & W. H. Osburn, Indiana Univ. Press, Bloomington, ID. pp.143-170.
Hopkins, D. M.1967. The Cenozoic history of Beringia - a synthesis. The Bering Land Bridge ed. D.M. Hopkins, Stanford Univ. Press, CA. pp.451-484.
Hopkins, M. L., Bonnichsen, R. & Fortsch, D.1969. The stratigraphic position and faunal associates of Bison (Gigantobison) latifrons in south eastern Idaho, a progress report. Tebiwa 12:1-8.
Hoppe, P. P 1978. Rumen fermentation in African ruminants. Proceedings of the 13 annual congress of game biologists.
Hughes, S. S.1978. Bison diminution on the Great Plains. Wyoming Contrib. Anthropol. 1:18-47.
Jacobs M.1988. The tropical rainforest: A first encounter Springer-Verlag, Amsterdam.
Jarman P.J. & Sinclair, A.R.E.1979. Feeding strategy and the pattern of resource- partitioning in ungulates. In: Sinclair, A.R.E. & Norton-Griffiths, M. (eds) Serengetti. Dynamics of an Ecosystem. Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago. 130-164.
Kershaw, G. P.1984. Tundra plant communities of the Mackenzie mountains, Northwest Territories; floristic characteristics of long term surface disturbances In: Olson, R., Hastings, R., & Geddes, F. (eds) Northern Ecology and Resource Management: Memorial Essays honoring Don Gill Univ. Alberta Press, Edmonton, Canada. 239-311.
Kilte, R. A.1989. Seasonality, gestation time, and large mammal extinctions. In, Martin, P.S. & Klein, R.G. (eds) Quaternary extinctions: A prehistoric revolution. Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson.
King, J. E. & Saunders, J. J.1989. Environmental insularity and the extinction of the American mastodont In, Martin, P.S. & Klein, R.G. (eds) Quaternary extinctions: A prehistoric revolution. Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson.
Kowalski, K.1967. The evolution and fossil remains of the European bison. Acta. Theriol. 12:335-338.
Krasinski, Z.1967. Free living European bisons. Acta. Theriol. 12:391-405.
Kurten, B.1972. The ice age. G. P. Putnam's sons, NY.
_______1988. Before the Indians. Columbia Univ. Press, NY.
Kurten, B. & Anderson, E.1980. Pleistocene mammals of North America. Columbia Univ. Press, NY.
Laws, R.M.1970. Elephants as agents of habitat and landscape change in East Africa. Oikos, 21, 1-15.
Leader-Williams, N.1980. Population Dynamics and Regulation of Reindeer Introduced into South Georgia. J. Wildl. Management., 44, 640-57.
Leuthold, W.1977. Spatial Organization and Strategy of Habitat Utilization Of Elephants in Tsavo National Park, Kenya Z. Saugetierk., 42, 358-79.
Longman, K. A & Jelnick J.1987. Tropical forest and its environment. Longman Scientific and Technical Publications, Essex, UK.
Lowe, J.J. & Walker, M.J.C.1984. Reconstructing Quaternary Environments Longman, London & NY.
Lundelius, E. L. Jr.1976. Vertebrate paleontology of the Pleistocene: an overview. In: Geoscience and man: ecology of the Pleistocene. vol:13. School of Geoscience, Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge.
Macfadyen, A.1964. Energy flow in ecosystems and its exploitation by grazing. In, Crisp, D. J. (ed) Grazing in terrestrial and marine environments: a symposium of the British ecological society. Blackwell scientific pubs., Oxford.
Maddock, L.1979. The "migration" and grazing succession. In: Sinclair, A.R.E. & Norton-Griffiths, M. (eds) Serengetti. Dynamics of an Ecosystem. Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago. 104-130.
Martin, P. S.1963. The last 10,000 years: A fossil pollen record of the American Southwest. Univ. Ariz. Press, Tucson, AZ.
_______1967. Prehistoric overkill. In, Martin, P.S. & Wright, H.E. (eds) Pleistocene extinctions: The search for a cause. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven.
_______1984. Catastrophic extinction and Late Pleistocene blitzkrieg: two radiocarbon tests. In: Nitecki, M. H. (ed) Extinctions Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago.
_______1986. Refuting late Pleistocene extinction models. In Elliot, D.K. (ed) Dynamic extinction. Wiley & Sons, NY. 1073-130.
_______1988. Prehistoric overkill: A global model. In, Martin, P.S. & Klein, R.G. (eds) Quaternary extinctions: A prehistoric revolution. Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson.
Matthews, J.V.1968. A paleoenvironmental analysis of three late Pleistocene Coleopterous assemblages from Fairbanks, Alaska. 4:202-24. Quaestiones Entomologicae. 1974. Quaternary environments at Cape Deceit (Seward Peninsula, Alaska): evolution of a tundra ecosystem. 85:1353-84 Geol. Soc. Am. Bull.
_______1975. Insects and plant macrofossils from two Quaternary exposures in the Old Crow-Porcupine region, Yukon Territory, Canada. 7:249-59. Arctic Alpine Res.
May, R. M.1973. Stability and complexity in model ecosystems. Princeton Univ. Press. Princeton, NJ.
McDonald, J.1981. North American Bison: Their classification and evolution. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley, CA.
McDonald, J. N. & Lammers, G. E.1992. Bison antiguus from Kenora, Ontario, and notes on the evolution of North American Holocene Bison. in preparation.
McNaughton, S. J. & Georgiadis, N. J.1986. Ecology of African grazing and browsing mammals. in Ann. Rev. Syst. 17:39-65.
McNaughton, S.J.1979. Grassland-herbivore dynamics. In: Sinclair, A.R.E. & Norton-Griffiths, M. (eds) Serengetti. Dynamics of an Ecosystem. Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago. 46-82.
_______1984. Grazing Lawns: Animals in Herds, Plant Form and Coevolution. Am. Nat., 124, 863-86.
Morgan, A. V. & Morgan, Anne1979. The fossil coleoptera of the Two Creeks forest bed, Wisconsin. 12:226-40. Quat. Res.
_______1981. Paleoentomological methods of reconstructing paleoclimate with reference to interglacial and interstadial insect faunas of southern Ontario. p.173- 92 Quaternary paleoclimate, W. C. Mahaney (ed) Univ. E. Anglia, Norwich, UK.
Mossimann, J. E. & Martin, P. S.1975. Simulating overkill by Paleoindians. American Scientist 63:304-313.
Norton-Griffiths, M.1979. The influence of grazing, browsing, and fire on the vegetation dynamics of the Serengetti. In: Sinclair, A.R.E. & Norton-Griffiths, M. (eds) Serengetti. Dynamics of an Ecosystem. Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago. 310-353.
Patterson, B. D.1984. Mammalian extinction and biogeography in the Southern rocky Mountains. In: Nitecki, M. H. (ed) Extinctions Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago.
Peck, R. M.1973. Pollen in a small river basin: Wilton Creek, Ontario. In, Birks, H. J. B. & West, R. G. (eds) Quaternary plant ecology: the 14 symposium of the British Ecological society, University of Cambridge, 28- 30 March 1972. Blackwell scientific pubs., Oxford.
Pennycuick, C.J.1979. Energy costs of locomotion and the concept of "Foraging radius" In: Sinclair, A.R.E. & Norton- Griffiths, M. (eds) Serengetti. Dynamics of an Ecosystem. Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago. 164-185.
Pewe, T. L. & Hopkins 1967. Mammal remains of pre-Wisconsin age in Alaska. The Bering Land Bridge ed. D.M. Hopkins, Stanford Univ. Press, CA. pp.266-270.
Phillips, A.M.1988. Shasta ground sloth extinction: Fossil packrat midden evidence from the Western Grand Canyon. In, Martin, P.S. & Klein, R.G. (eds) Quaternary extinctions: A prehistoric revolution. Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson.
Pickett, S.T.A. & White, P.S. (eds) 1985. The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics. Academic Press, NY.
Pitelka, F. A.1964. The nutrient recovery hypothesis for arctic microtine cycles, introduction. In, Crisp, D. J. (ed) Grazing in terrestrial and marine environments: a symposium of the British ecological society. Blackwell scientific pubs., Oxford.
Reeves, B. O. K.1978. Bison killing in the southwestern Alberta Rockies. Bison procurement and utilization: A symposium, ed. L. B. Davis & M. Wilson, Memoir 14, Plains Anthropologist pp. 63-78.
Reher, C. A.1978. Buffalo population and other deterministic factors in a model of adaptive processes on the shortgrass plains. Bison procurement and utilization: A symposium, ed. L. B. Davis & M. Wilson, Memoir 14, Plains Anthropologist pp. 23-39.
Repenning, C. A.1967. Palearctic-Nearctic mammalian dispersal in the late Cenozoic. The Bering Land Bridge ed. D.M. Hopkins, Stanford Univ. Press, CA. pp. 288-311
Ritchie, J. C. & Hare, F. K.1971. Late-Quaternary vegetation and climate near the arctic tree line of northwestern North America. Quat. Res. 1:331-342.
Roff, D.A.1975. Population Stability and the Evolution of Dispersal in a Heterogeneous Environment. Oecologia, 19, 74-6.
Sainsbury, C. L.1967. Quaternary geology of western Seward Peninsula, Alaska. The Bering Land Bridge ed. D.M. Hopkins, Stanford Univ. Press, CA. pp. 121-143.
Schaller, G.1972. The Serengetti Lion: a study of predator prey relations. Univ. Chicago Press, IL.
Scheffer, V. B.1951. The rise and fall of a reindeer herd. Scientific monthly, 75: 356-362.
Scott, K.1984. Hunter-gatherers and large mammals in glacial Britain. In R. Foley (ed) Hominid evolution and community ecology: prehistoric human adaptation in biological perspective Academic Press, London.
Short, J.1981. Diet and Feeding Behaviour of the forest Elephant. Mammalia, 45, 177-86.
Sinclair, A.R.E.1979 . Dynamics of the Serengetti ecosystem: pattern & process. In: Sinclair, A.R.E. & Norton-Griffiths, M. (eds) Serengetti. Dynamics of an Ecosystem. Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago. 1-31.
Sinclair, A.R.E. & Norton-Griffiths, M.1979. Serengetti. Dynamics of an Ecosystem. Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago.
Skinner, M. F. & Kaisen, O. C.1947. The fossil bison of Alaska and a preliminary revision of the genus. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 89:123-256.
Slaughter, B. H.1967. Animal ranges as a clue to late-Pleistocene extinction. In, Martin, P.S. & Wright, H.E. (eds) Pleistocene extinctions: The search for a cause. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven.
Smuts, G. L.1979. Interrelations Between Predators, Prey and their Environment. Bioscience, 28, 316-25.
Sorenson, C. J.1977. Reconstructed Holocene bioclimates. Ann. Ass. Am. Geog. 67:214-222.
van Zyll de Jong, C. G.1986. A systematic study of recent bison, with particular consideration of the wood bison (Bison bison athabascae Rhoads 1898). National Museum of Canada, National Museum of Natural Sciences, Publication in Natural Sciences, 6.
vanWyk, P. & Fairfall, N.1969. The Influence of the African Elephant on the Vegetation of the Kruger National Park. Keodoe, 12,57- 89.
Vesey-Fitzgerald, D.F.1973. Animal Impact on Vegetation and Plant succession in Lake Manyara National Park, Tanzania. Oikos, 24,314- 25.
Walker, B.H., Emslie, R.H., Owen-Smith, N. & Scholes, R.J 1987. To Cull or Not to Cull: Lessons from a Southern African Drought. J. Appl. Ecol., 24, 381-401.
Webber, P.J., Miller, P.C., Chapin, F. S. III, & MacCown, B.H.1980. The vegetation: pattern and succession. In: Brown, J., Miller, P.C., Tieszen, L.L., & Bunnell, F.L. An Arctic ecosystem: the coastal tundra at Barrow Alaska. US/IBP Synthesis series no.12, Dowden Hutchinson & Ross, Stroudsburg PA. 186-219.
Wendorf, F.1970. The Lubbock sub-pluvial. Pleistocene and recent environments of the central Great Plains, ed. W. Dort, Jr. and J. K. Jones, Jr., Dept. geol. Univ. Kan. Spec. Pub. 3. Lawrence: Univ. Press Kan. pp. 23- 35.
Whitehead, D. R.1973. Late-Wisconsin vegetational changes in unglaciated eastern North America. Quat. Res. 3:621- 631.
Whittington, S. L. & Dyke, B.1989. Simulating overkill: experiment with the Mossiman and Martin model. In, Martin, P.S. & Klein, R.G. (eds) Quaternary extinctions: A prehistoric revolution. Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson.
Wing, L.D. & Buss, I.O.1970. Elephants and Forests. Wildl. Mong. no. 19.
Wright, H. E. Jr.1976. Pleistocene ecology: some current problems. In: Geoscience and man: ecology of the Pleistocene. vol:13. School of Geoscience, Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge.
_______(ed)1984. Late Quaternary Environments of the United States. Vol. 1. The Late Pleistocene. Univ. Minn. Press. MN.
Yoaciel, S.M.1981. Change in the Populations of Large Herbivores and in the vegetation Community in Meywa Peninsula, Rwenzori National Park, Uganda. Afr. J. Ecol., 19, 303-12.
Yurtsev, B. A.1972. Phytogeography of northeastern Asia and the problem of Transberingian floristic interrelations. Floristics and paleofloristics of Asia and eastern North America. ed. A. Graham, Elsevier, NY. pp. 19-54.
Back to the Case
Return to the Extinctions Menu Page